Starter Motor

A starter motor is an electrical device used to start an internal
 combustion engine. Typically a very low-geared device,
 this motor is able to crank over the much larger engine by
virtue of its extreme gear reduction. The starter motor is a
part of a starting system consisting of the starter, a starter soleoid
 and the battery. As the ignition switch is turned, it sends an
 electrical charge to the starter solenoid. This, in turn, sends the
 charge to the motor that cranks the engine until it starts.
Once the engine fires to life, the starter motor clicks off and
disengages the starter ring.

The typical starter motor is composed of heavy copper wire
 wound around an armature. This device is placed inside of a
heavy steel or aluminum case equipped with electrical brushes
that contact the armature and pass the electrical charge to the
heavy wire. As the electricity flows through the wire, it causes
the armature to spin. A small gear is attached to the output shaft
of the armature and moved in and out by means of a Bendix.
The Bendix engages the small gear with the starter ring,
which turns the engine as the armature turns.

Typical problem areas with a starter motor are the Bendix and the brushes.
Often, the brushes become burned and fail to transfer the electrical
charge to the armature. The Bendix can also become sticky and fail to
engage the starter gears. A bench test, which is accomplished by running
an electrical charge through the starter while it is out of the engine bay,
 will usually determine the problem. A starter that fails to run when a
charge is placed to it typically implies a brush defect. A starter that spins
but does not send the starter gear outward is often suffering from a broken
or defective Bendix.

When replacing a starter motor, it is almost always necessary to send the
old unit back to the parts store as a core, as the old starters are rebuilt
and sold as re-manufactured starter units. These can often cost only a
fraction of the price of a new starter, and most re-manufactured starters
come with a warranty. In the case of a diesel engine starter motor, the
starter can often cost as much as several gasoline engine starter motors.
Before replacing a motor, it is important to note that many starter problems
are actually electrical problems caused by faulty wiring and dirty wiring connections.
Often, cleaning the wires and making better connections can cure a faulty starter or
difficult starting traits.

How To Change Engine Oil

Changing the engine oil is one of the single
 most important vehicle maintenance acts you can perform.
 Gasoline, coolant and water, transmission and
 brake fluid are all important fluids for your car,
 but no other fluid can have more negative implications
 on your vehicle's engine if you don't address it regularly.
Engine oil lubricates the engine, absorbs heat and
 allows the moving parts of your engine to work
 properly with one another.
Over time, heat breaks down the oil and reduces
its lubricating properties. Oil also helps to neutralize
 acid in the engine, but this process breaks down over time.
 Oil works well to absorb trace amounts of water,
dust and combustion byproducts in your engine.
          However, as heat breaks down the oil,
 it loses its effectiveness to absorb these materials and they
begin to stick in your engine and can cause major
car maintenance problems.

Track and Field

Track and field -  is a sport which combines various athletic contests based on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sport's typical venue: a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place.

 The running events, which include sprints, middle and long-distance events, and hurdling, are won by the athlete with the fastest time. The jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also "combined events", such as heptathlon and decathlon, in which athletes compete in a number of the above events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor, but a number are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue.

Track and field is often categorised under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and race walking. At the international level, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, while the International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body.
Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, right down to a personal level. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased.
In North America, the term track and field may be used to refer to athletics in general, rather than specifically track and field events.

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                          PURPOSE OF CHARGING SYSTEM



 1.Restore to the battery the charges removed to crank the engine.

2. Handles the load of the ignition, lights, radio,and other electrical and electronic equipment while the engine is running.


                    ALTENATOR OPERATION

The alternator convert mechanical energy from the engine into the electrical energy. It usually mount on the side of the engine.
The engine crankshaft pully drives the alternator through a belt at two to three times crankshaft speed. A regulator usually on or in the alternator prevents the alternator from producing excessive voltage some manufacturers call the alternator a generator or ac generator.


                 ALTERNATOR PRINCIPLE


Moving magnet past a conductor indroces a flow of electrons in the conductors, this how alternator produce current. The rotating bar magnet, supplies a moving magnetic field. As it rotates the magnetic fieled passes through the two sides of stationary looo. At the top, as the south pole moves the upper side of the loop, current is induce in opposite direction,when the north pool moves past the upper side of the loop. The similar condition occurs in the lower side of the loop, but the direction of the induced current id reversed. The effect  is thatan alternating flows in the loop. If the current is strong enough, it will light the bulb in the load circuit.